U.G.C. sponsored REMEDIAL COACHING CLASSES have been introduced since 2010-11 for SC/ST/OBC and academically poor students with an intention of their academic growth on various subjects. Subjects reasource persons from inside and outside the college take their respective classes in order to enhance the academic standard of the students.
Education is meant not only to nurture the excellence, already in a gifted person but also to uplift the not-so-gifted. In order to enable students belonging to SC/ST/ OBC/minority community who need remedial coaching to come up to the level necessary for pursuing highter studies efficiently and to reduce their failure and droput rate UGC has sponsored the scheme. The College has opened a cell in conformity with the UGC norms. Smt. Pranati Patra, Reader in Physics is in-charge of the cell. Regular classes are conducted by the staff members and also by inviting guest faculties from different institutions.
Co-ordinator
Smt. Pranati Patro, Reader in Physics
Remedial coaching class in the subjects Geology Physics Chemistry Mathematics,IT Environmental Studies Biology for +3 Sc and in the subjects Economics,History,Political Science Odia,English Education IRPM for +3 ARTs is going on Contact Co-ordinator
PHYSICS REMEDIAL STUDY MATERIAL :- PHYSICS Remedial Class 1 PHYSICS Remedial Class 2 REPORT PHYSICS Remedial Class 3 REPORT PHYSICS Remedial Class 4 REPORT PHYSICS Remedial Class 5 REPORT PHYSICS Remedial Class
ENGLISH REMEDIAL STUDY MATERIAL :- ENGLISH
MATHEMATICS REMEDIAL STUDY MATERIAL :- Mathematics
STUDY MATERIAL
Remedial Coaching for SC /ST /OBC (non-creamy layer ) & Minorities
XII Plan (Merged Scheme as per XI plan guide line)
Class:- – +3 1st year Subject – Geology(Hons) Date:-13.12.2014 Time:10 AM to 11 AM
Topic – Interior of the Earth
L.N.Patnaik HOD, Geology
==========================================================
The earth is a oblate spheroid having a radius of 6371 kilometers .There is no direct evidence concerning the interior of the Earth. The ideas on interior of the earth are based on indirect evidences. The Earth’s interior can be studied from observation of the usual process of smelting in blast furnace, which causes the accumulation of the metal at the bottom underneath the sulphides and oxides in the middle and the silicate slag forms uppermost layer. In case of meteorites also similar sequence has been traced. In a like manner during the consolidation of the earth from molten stage, a metallic core surrounded by a layer of oxide and sulphides and with a solid silicate crust might have been developed.
In recent years, the science of Seismology has been very much useful in studying something more definite about the earth’ interior. The earthquake waves both primary and secondary, travel faster in denser media and the velocity of earthquake waves increases with depth. Therefore the rocks at depths underneath the crust are made up of materials of progressively increasing densities. It was also established that there exist a number of discontinuities within the depths of the earth due to either gradual increase in density or some abrupt changes at certain depths. Mohorovicic, Dham, Gutenburg and others were established the presence of a number of discontinuities at different depths underneath the crust on the basis of suitable observations.
The velocities at which the primary and secondary earthquake waves travel in the uppermost layer of the crust have been measured and these compare favorably with those determined in the laboratory for the rock granite. Therefore the topmost layer of the crust of the earth is made up of granitic materials. From similar studies, the rocks forming the ocean floors were found to be of basaltic composition. Thus, it is clear that the granitic rocks forming the continental blocks pass gradually downwards into more basic rocks and ultimately into the basaltic rocks forming ocean floors. Below this crystalline basaltic layer a vitreous layer of similar composition is present.
Since the secondary waves of earthquake do not generally pass through the core of the earth, it may be reasonably concluded that the same is probably not in a solid state and may be in the form of some fluid.
On the basis of seismic investigations, the earth’s interior can be divided into four major layers such as Crust, Mantle, outer Core and inner Core
CRUST
The outer superficial layer of the earth is called the crust,It extends down to 30 or 40 kilometers beneath continents and to about 10 km beneath ocean basins. In the continental regions, the crust can be divided into two layers. The upper layer which is less dence and granitic in character is kinown as SIAL, while the lower layer which is basaltic in character is known as SIMA. The term sial represents rocks rich in silica and alumina and term sima represents rock containing silica and magnesia. Under ocean only sima layer is found and sial layer is absent. The sial and sima boundary is known as Conard discontinuity
At the bottom of the crust, the velocity of earthquake waves increases abruptly as they enter into a denser layer called MANTLE. The crust-mantle boundary is known as the Mohorovicic discontinuity.
MANTLE
The mantle is located beneath the earth’s crust and has a thickness about 2865 km. It has been divided into two layers such as Upper mantle and lower mantle. The upper mantle contains a most important zone called asthenosphere. It is located at a depths between 50 to 100 km. in the asthenosphere the velocity of S-waves decreases thereby indicating that the zone consists partly of melted rocks. Most basalts orginate in this zone. It is believed that the plastic material of the asthenosphere moves and carries along the lithospheric plates. The outer solid portion of the earth existing above the asthenosphere is called the Lithosphere. The lithosphere includes part of the upper mantle and crust.
The average mineral composition of the upper mantle is similar to ultrabasic rock like peridotite.This zone provides lava for oceanic eruptions.In lower mantle the density of the material increases rapidely and in the deeper parts it rises to about 5.5 gm/cc. It has been suggested that the lower mantle consists of a mixture of peridotite and minerals of higher densities.
CORE
The core is located at the depth of 2900 km bilow the mantle. The boundary is marked by an abrupt reduction in the velocity of P-waves as well as by the disappearance of the S-waves known as Gutenberg discontinuity.
The outer core ws discovered when it was found that P-waves were bent inwards thereby producing a shadow zone at the surface. Since the S-waves do not pass through the outer core, may be due to its fluid state.
The inner core extends from about 5150 km to the earth’s centre at 6371 km. It transmit P-waves at a higher velocity which indicates that it is in the solid state. Both the solid and liquid portions of the core are believed to consist of iron and nickel similar to meteorites and known as NIFE
Evidence for Internal Earth Structure and Composition
When an earthquake occurs the seismic waves (P and S waves) spread out in all directions through the Earth’s interior. Seismic stations located at increasing distances from the earthquake epicenter will record seismic waves that have traveled through increasing depths in the Earth.
Seismic velocities depend on the material properties such as composition, mineral phase and packing structure, temperature, and pressure of the media through which seismic waves pass. Seismic waves travel more quickly through denser materials and therefore generally travel more quickly with depth. Anomalously hot areas slow down seismic waves. Seismic waves move more slowly through a liquid than a solid. Molten areas within the Earth slow down P waves and stop S waves because their shearing motion cannot be transmitted through a liquid. Partially molten areas may slow down the P waves and attenuate or weaken S waves.
When seismic waves pass between geologic layers with contrasting seismic velocities (when any wave passes through media with distinctly differing velocities) reflections, refraction (bending), and the production of new wave phases (e.g., an S wave produced from a P wave) often result. Sudden jumps in seismic velocities across a boundary are known as seismic discontinuities.
Geology Field Camps – A Comprehensive Listing
What is Field Camp?Field camp is a tradition in the education of a geologist. It is an intensive outdoor course that applies classroom and laboratory training to solving geological problems in the field. Skills developed during field camp typically include: collection of geologic data, constructing measured sections, interpreting geologic structures and how to take notes in the field. Most geology field courses teach students to read geologic maps and use them in the field to solve geologic problems. Some courses also provide instruction in the field and office work needed to prepare a geologic map – often using technology. Well in advance of field camp you should learn about the weather, vegetation and terrain of the field location. You should also learn about the types of physical activity that you will be engaged in. This will allow you obtain proper clothing for the weather and vegetation of the field location; obtain and break in a suitable pair of shoes; and, increase your level of physical fitness if needed. Geology Field Course ReadingsStudents preparing for field camp should read the following essays…
Scholarships that can be applied towards field camp expenses have been offered by the National Association of Geoscience Teachers and the Association of Environmental & Engineering Geologists. In addition, many of the schools listed below have financial assistance that applies to their own students. Faculty might be interested in nominating their best field camp students to the USGS / NAGT Field Training Program or reading a Journal of Geoscience Education article by Carl Drummond titled “Can Field Camp Survive?”. |
 |
|
